APEA Pathophysiology Women's Health Practice Test 2026 - Free Women's Health Practice Questions and Study Guide

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that is characterized by a combination of prolonged or irregular menstrual periods and elevated levels of androgens, which are often referred to as male hormones. Women with PCOS may experience symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding, irregular cycles, and signs of excess androgens, which can include acne, excessive hair growth, and weight gain. The hormonal imbalance in PCOS is primarily due to insulin resistance, which contributes to the overproduction of androgens by the ovaries.

In contrast, pelvic inflammatory disease primarily refers to an infection of the reproductive organs, which can lead to varying menstrual irregularities but is not specifically associated with androgen levels. Endometriosis involves the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, leading to painful periods and other complications, but it does not primarily cause excessive androgen levels. Cervicitis refers to inflammation of the cervix and typically does not relate to prolonged menstruation or hormonal imbalances.

Thus, PCOS is the most relevant condition that encompasses the combination of prolonged menstruation and excessive androgen levels in women of reproductive age.